What Is Spiritual Formation Religion Essay

What Is Spiritual Formation Religion Essay When asking the question, what is spiritual formation, there can be great difficulty in recognizing the specific area of focus. This would be due to the great amount of variety within the sphere of such a topic regarding the presuppositions many people can bring to it. However there is a consistent undercurrent that ties the definitions together into a relative coherent understanding. According to Dallas Willard, spiritual formation is the process where one moves and is moved from self-worship to Christ-centered self-denial as a general condition of life in Gods present and eternal kingdom.  [1]  In this, there is a more detailed analysis in describing its meaning. Spiritual formation begins with God and the relationship with him and fellow brethren. It is by virtue of the Holy Spirits work in regeneration and conforming the believer into the image of Christ through his indwelling, guiding, gifting, filling, and empowering those saved for Gods glory. The foundation of such a form ation is found through the Scripture as the only and primary source of all truth. The responsibility of the Christian is a relentless pursuit in being Christ-like in all facets of life through a new nature. Such formation is the fruit of what one has already become, an adopted child of God, and not works alone to achieve an imaginary level of spiritual attainment. The methodology of such an endeavor is not prescribed as a checklist for every believer, but rather differentiates for each person as God sees fit for them. Biblical Instruction As stated in the introduction there is a number of reference points pertaining to Biblical instruction regarding spiritual formation. Although such terminology is not specifically found in every instance, the idea in what it represents is plentiful. The primary area many refer to is the fruits of the Spirit in Galatians 5:22-23. With this area of Scripture, the results are listed from leading a life under the guidance of the Holy Spirit. It would be considered a measure of progress in some ways to see how one is coming through the sanctification process. It should be noted, however, that there would be an ebb and flow to such a device in that some seasons may be more fruitful in patience and love as opposed joy and peace introspectively. In order to attain such fruits however, one must be diligent to know the One in whom he is following. A thorough study of His attributes that which makes up His character, is imperative in attaining any growth whatsoever. Through such knowledge is a child of God to begin the process in a more fruitful way than foregoing it. Without this concrete foundation, much of the growth will be experience alone, which is not biblical. Knowing who Christ is through his attributes is the only way one can attain the spiritual growth as guided by the Holy Spirit. From this one should then go to the Sermon on the Mount in helping to determine what a Christian should look like. The descriptive values in what and how the Christian should be would more readily translate into the fruits seen previously. Christ teaches what the believer must be like as a standard of behavior and life within the heart in accordance with the holiness of God. Being separate from the world and unto Him is a fundamental truth that without, one cannot attain the fruit of the Spirit. The division of what should be done and what should be avoided, in essence, what delineates the world from those chosen of God instills the rock of truth to rely upon Personal Experience In reflecting upon ones own experience in relation to spiritual formation, a great number of those who call themselves Christian can only describe such a term as prayer time and possibly praise and worship in certain circles. For the most part it is classified as an emotional experience one has with the work of the Spirit. The form that it arrives is through clearing the mind or through music in service. These functions among others are more related to tradition than Scripture. In personal experience, it becomes a more concrete arena. What Scripture says to do, do. What Scripture says not to do, do not do. In this there is a certain requirement to know the difference and that itself can only be accomplished through much work and study in Scriptures. Most who identify as being Christians who want a greater awareness of God actually looks for and attains a easier yet non-Biblical methodology of self-interpretation apart from Scripture. There is no work in exegetical discernment and sim ple prayer in acquiring a greater knowledge of God which, then, leads to the greater awareness of Him. One cannot occur apart from the other, no matter how trivial the spiritual exercises may be. Coincidentally, it is in Westerhoffs work that sees both sides of the coin blended into one unifying theme. In his chapter discussing the development of spiritual discipline, there are areas that are beneficial to the Christian and areas that are not. Coincidentally, those that do help deal more with the external as opposed to the internal. Finding a time and place that is consistent in reading Scripture helps to develop a consistency which coincides with repetition in going back to the Bible daily. Journaling helps in recalling areas one believes the Spirit is taking him in relation to any given question or issue currently being dealt with. It also provides a timeline of posterity for future generations to read through. A spiritual friend which is a fancy way of saying Christian Brother is good for edification and encouragement through prayer and study time. Coupled with these areas are exercises that dwell on the internal of the person involved. Picturing, pondering, and praying of the Lectio Divina borders on the Eastern Mysticism and Catholic heritage of attempting to draw closer to God through works. In clearing the mind of no thought, breathing exercises, good posture, and repeating a mantra to better focus on Scripture only clears the way for self-reflection unto sanctification.  [2]   Conclusion The entire effort of Spiritual Formation as a whole combines the Biblical with the non-Biblical under the contemplative ministry. It is rooted in Catholic pietistic mysticism with its emphasis on discipleship. It is espoused of righteousness by works by attempting to reach God by its own strength. Many Christians, who do not study as they should, take for granted what is spoken to them by leaders in the church in whom they trust, and assume it is true. It has been attributed to CH Spurgeon of the saying, Discernment is not simply a matter of telling the difference between what is right and wrong; rather it is the difference between right and almost right. It is in this piece of wisdom the Christian should reflect upon when determining whether they should follow to the letter that which is summarily grouped under Spiritual Formation.

Animation Reaction Paper

ANI 206 / P. Trecka Reaction Paper #1 -Submit online (COL) before midnight. Max Points: 5 Screen: Gertie the Dinosaur, Winsor McCay, 1914 (U. S. A. ) The Tantalizing Fly, Max and Dave Fleischer, 1919 (U. S. A. ) Dizzy Dishes, Dir. Dave Fleischer, 1930 (USA) Write: Respond to one of the above films. Focus your analysis on specific examples from the film in question. Use the film terminology you are learning in class and in the assigned readings. Organize your analysis in an informed and spirited way.Literacy: You are responsible for reading, taking notes and writing clear, intelligent essays that reflect an understanding of the themes, terminology and art of animated films. Basic criteria but not limited to: †¢ Thesis, focus, content, ideas, analysis, interpretation †¢ Structure, organization, logic, integration of sources †¢ Use of Evidence, inclusion of relevant, specific historical evidence †¢ Logic, writing clarity and correctness Written in the first person, s ubjective point of view – I †¢ Do not retell the story †¢ Save as yourname_reaction_1. doc (WORD DOC PLEASE) †¢ Spell/grammar check †¢ Approximately 400 words, 5 organized paragraphs. To consider: Framing and composition Themes and motifs Character design Setting Cel animation: Sometimes called traditional animation is hand drawn, frame-by- frame on paper and or celluloid/acetate sheets.Iris-in: A shot that opens from darkness in an expanding circle of light. Iris-out: The opposite of an iris-in. Morph: Short for metamorphosis. The action is continuous and one object or action transforms into another. Reflexivity: reflexivity sometimes referred to as ‘self-reflexivity', describes the process by which an animator or film draws attention to itself, reminding the viewer of the medium.

Allan Pinkerton-The Detective

Allan Pinkerton was a known US detective that was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1819. He is very popular in his time because he is the founder of the well known and first detective agency in the United States, the Pinkerton Agency. At the early age, his father who is a police sergeant died in a battle left the Pinkerton family in great poverty. As Allan grows up, he found a work as a copper or barrel-maker and then joining in Chartism, a group of people who believes in political and social reforms.The Pinkerton was always associated with security and protection. He had spent his life in many security concerns like private investigations, and personal security. Pinkerton career as a detective started when he emigrate from Scotland to America. The reason why he wanted to go to America is because he wants to escapes imprisonment. And in 1842, he established a copper making shop in Chicago, Illinois. Pinkerton was known to be a savior of slave or he support the anti slavery movements.He u sually uses his shop as an escape route of slave in the said state. In 1849, Pinkerton became the first ever detective in Chicago and in 1950, together with Edward Rucker they build the North-Western police Agency. The said agency was renamed as Pinkerton National Detective Agency. As mentioned in the earlier part of the essay, Pinkerton was very popular in terms of security and surveillance matters. In fact, the methods that he uses in his career as a detective is still being used today in many investigations.Some of the techniques of Pinkerton in many investigation processes are the â€Å"shadowing† and â€Å"undercover†. The former also known as surveillance of a suspect which means that the suspect is being monitored in his or her every moves every time while the latter is also known as assuming a role which means that a person is assuming or doing a role in such a way that the suspect will act normal when an investigation is being done. Undercover operations nowad ays are very popular in drug cases incidents.Example of this is when a policeman is under covering his true identity as a policeman and portraying as a buyer of a certain prohibited drug and when the suspect had transaction with the undercover policeman, then this is a very useful evidence for the investigation. The leadership of Pinkerton as a US detective had produced many successful investigations and lessening the crime rate in his time. He was able to stop many assassination attempts especially on the known government officials. He was able to determine a planed and smooth assassination on Abraham Lincoln and was able to hamper the said attempt.As many writers accounted him as a man of great power of observation and courage (Library, 2007). There were several writings that center the life, career and courage of Pinkerton as a US detective. In 1990, a movie entitled The Rose and The Jackal that was based on the life of Pinkerton was made. The movie was done in the Civil War time and its all about love, drama and spies. From the movie, an assassination attempt was done to the president of the country who is travelling using a train. In the middle of the commute, the train will pass to a wooden bridge.The plan of the assassination is to plant a bomb at the bottom of the wooden bridge and eventually an accident will cause the death of the president (Kelly, 2008). Pinkerton was able to intercept the assassination attempt of the Confederate by stopping the derailing of the train where the president is and killing the two suspects and warned the president, who is Lincoln that there is a plan to kill him. He was able to stop the attempt. This links to the true story on the attempt to assassinate Lincoln which was able to intercept by Pinkerton (Karesony, 2006).After this event, Pinkerton was appointed as by Lincoln as the head of the US Secret Service. The said agency is responsible of intercepting many espionage acts during the Civil War. This prevents the War B etween the States of America (Kelly, 2008). The main story of the movie is about Pinkerton who was assigned to be a spy against the Confederate. As a secret agent of the country, Pinkerton was able to establish a persona in which the said secret agent had successfully portrayed a simple man in a society so that the Confederate will not suspect him as a spy.This method can also be seen on the England-secret agent James Bond who does many espionage act to infiltrate or gather some important information from their enemy. Pinkerton uses this method in order for him to know the plans of the Confederate and that he can able to maneuver any possible action that will lead to the fall of his superior who is the president (Karesony, 2006). In the movie, Pinkerton met a beautiful lady who is also a spy but in the Confederate side and Pinkerton eventually fall in love to her.The story turns on the two main characters, Pinkerton and Rose. Pinkerton faces to challenge, to play the role as a secre t agent for Lincoln and his love affair to Rose. Rose eventually attacks the weakness of Pinkerton to be a tool in executing her plan to infiltrate the government of Lincoln (Karesony, 2006). Though this is one of the most popular investigations that were done by Pinkerton in his life, there are also some small profile cases that he was able to solve. Many money and properties from robbery acts were recovered and thieves were successfully traced.Some of the successful robbery cases the robbery of the Carbondale, Pennsylvania Bank of $40,000, and that of The Adams Express Company of $700,000, on 6 January, 1866, from a train on The New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, and the taking of $300,000 from an express-car on the Hudson River railroad. He also broke up gangs of thieves at Seymour, Indiana, and the â€Å"Mollie Maguires† in Pennsylvania. Due to his eagerness and courage, Pinkerton was able to shape the security and investigation process in his time even though hi gh technology gadgets were not available in his time.Even today, the techniques of Pinkerton are being used to solve many cases and help in the success of investigations like police investigations. The Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation of United States owe many investigation processes that were originated by Pinkerton. He was able to create a tool that can be utilized in solving unsolved crimes and eventually preventing the further occurrence of transgression and organized crimes. References:Karesony. (2006). The Rose and the Jackal [Electronic Version]. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0098831/ Kelly, M. (2008). A Brief History of the Pinkertons [Electronic Version]. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from http://americanhistory. about. com/od/19thcentur1/a/allan_pinkerton. htm Library, C. (2007). Roots of a Detective [Electronic Version]. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters2/pinkerton/

Assessing Of A Stock Market Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3380 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? A stock market is a kind of organizational structure which provides trading facilities for stockbrokers and traders to buy and sell stocks and other securities. It is a market, because these areas enable trading securities for buyers. It is a corporate business, because it has its own rules and norms. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Assessing Of A Stock Market Example For Free" essay for you Create order Stock exchanges are not only for shares but also they are used for different kinds of commodities and instruments. Although sale bill and bills of exchange are dealt in the stock exchange market, there are foreign exchange markets for currency trading such as Forex and commodity exchanges to trade in goods; such as, cotton exchange that determines cotton price. Additionally, almost all the major world stock markets are affected by three factors: (1) the circumstance and trends of world economy, (2) the situation and trends of local economy and the availability and (3) performance of the sectors (Fama, 1965:34). If these three components are in good condition, the price of share certificates can alter assertively. Thus, enterprisers can reap a profit by purchasing shares cheaply and sell it when its prices increase. Of course, this is not the only way to make a profit by means of stock markets. If the share prices are exorbitant, and if there are some clues about then these prices wou ld decline for a while, investors would drive profit again. The name of this process is Short Selling. This essay reviews the negative effects of short selling and provides European governments opinion, especially Germany, about short selling under different economic circumstances. Although short selling can provide great benefits to investors, there are a number of risks that need further research to reduce its negative influences. It can be seen in this paper that economic history has had numerous disasters to investors because of short selling. In order to show short sellings effects on people and the economic situation, this essay will start by giving detailed definition for short selling, followed by considering its risks and European governments opinions. Therefore this will end by providing tragic examples for short selling which explain how short selling cause the advantages and disadvantages for investors. What is Short Selling Short selling is a type of economic activity which allows investors to earn more money in a short term. In general, investors would like to find a special share in the stock market which is predicted to rise in a short period of time. If everything is suitable conditions and the price boosts dramatically, they gain profit by selling these shares. Short selling, conversely, is the trading of a security that the dealer does not own. According to Yuille (2009:2) more specifically, a short sale is the sale of a security that is not owned by the seller, but that is promised to be delivered. Although this definition is correct, this is not a useful description to get the meaning of what short selling is. Fundamentally, a short seller ,who has raised a loan, sells a share in the expectation that the value of securities falls down hence he or she can come out ahead when he or she takes it back from the market at a dropping price (Taulli, 2004:3). For a better understanding on how short sel ling works, seven basic steps have been summarized below from several authors (Fabozzi, 2004:8; Jones and Lamont, 2002:2; Taulli, 2004:3; Yuille, 2009:5). Additionally Mr. Smith who is a person would like to make a profit via exchange market in the UK will symbolise throughout a text. Step 1- Open an Account and Put in Small Amount: First of all, enterprisers need a bank or a brokerage house account so as to put in their money which could be little. Thus, they are now a player in the stock markets and they can start buying and selling shares. For example, Mr. Smith opened an account in the UK exchange market. Step 2- Making Research About Company: Investors begin to seek to find a share which is reached a peak point in the stock market. They suppose the share price will drop suddenly. Of course, there are some strong indications to make a decision that its price will fall down. Mr. Smith found a company named ABC inc. which its prices extremely high which is  £10 per share a nd he think that it will start to decrease in the near future. He needs to borrow these shares from his broker. Step 3- Borrowing: Whole margin contract permit a broker or a bank to loan out stocks (Taulli, 2004:3). For this reason, when investors make a request in order to borrow these shares, brokers begin to search client securities which will not be sold by owner in the short term. Of course, proprietary do not know it. Mr. Smith found 500 shares to short from his brokerage house. Thus, he is able to sell them. Step 4- Selling: After investors find shares which are suitable for short selling, they sell it immediately. Thus, investors obtain money from shares which are not possessed. Mr. Smith also generated  £5000 by selling shares he does not own. Step 5- Standby Time: This step is the most dangerous time interval for short selling. Because investors are waiting for prices decline right away. If every parameter of stock market is appropriate conditions, investors can make huge money following step 6 and step 7. Mr. X is extraordinarily lucky, because his shares decreased from  £10 to  £6. Thus, he made a gain which is  £2000. Step 6- Collecting Shares from Market: Investors can collect these shares from the exchange market swimmingly. Inasmuchas, there is a chance to buy stock exchange when its price start to decrease. Mr. X found shares  £6. Step 7- Pay-Back: This step is one of the most simple and pleasant phase for short seller. They refund shares to rightful owner. Thus, investors make a profit by means of not their shares. The Stock Price Sinks (stock goes  £6 to ) Borrowed 500 shares of ABC at  £10  £5000 Bought Back 100 shares of ABC at  £6 - £3000 Your Profit  £2000 https://www.investopedia.com/university/shortselling/shortselling2.asp Additionally, the actors the exchange market use different kinds of short selling named Naked Short Selling. If short seller, who has not taken on loan the stocks or has borrowed shares with a well contract, or does not remain faithful by repayment date, markets share short, he or she is joined in undesirable naked short selling group (Culp and Heaton, 2008:46-47). This type of sales is more relentless and has a number of severe consequences. For these reasons, a lot of developed and developing countries have banned naked short selling in recent years due to global economic crisis. The Risks It is important to realize that investors have to decide to make short selling in order to gain more money in the right place at the right time. It can be seen that the price of exchange has had highly variable throughout economic history. While a shares price increase or decrease today, nobody knows that it will continue to rise or drop tomorrow. Because stock quotes are influenced by a number of parameters when in view of their marketing price at exchange market such as politics or supply and demand balance. To this respect, investors who have borrowed shares can make a profit by means of short selling as they can loss. Should they would like to gain money for this way, they have to be more careful than other investors. As Elliott (2010) remarks, If you do decide to short, the two most important factors to remember is to focus on leaders breaking down and go short primarily at the beginning of market declines. It can be said that to decide falling the exchange market is the most significant part of short selling because it is based on this rule. As a matter of course, there are numerous investment trusts who have accomplished by following to overall analysis. However, there is not a considerable amount of unsuccessful business enterprises. A key argument for encouraging people to sell short barrowed securities in exchange markets is that short selling is a highly profitable process. If investors take professional help and make a further research about which shares will invest, they could earn profit highly likely. For this reason, brokerage firms try to exhort their customers in order to sell short. However, the number of people who make money in this way is much less common in societies except some examples. One of them is George Soros who is the most famous market player in the world and Soros owes a big part of his wealth to the short selling. According to Taulli Soros earned a fortune by means of short selling in sterling. In recent years, British Ce ntral Bank has expended 15 million dollars worth of foreign exchange reserve and increased the interest rate in order to notice to the overvaluation. Famous speculator George Soros has already had his position and has performed his plan with his 10 billion dollar borrowing. When the value of Sterling against the German Mark was declined, he has discharge a debt Sterling which was cheaper with the German Mark and he has realized a profit of $1 billion in a few days (Taulli, 2003:13-14). Although this example presents a good outcome for its investor, it does not alter the truth that short selling has a number of disadvantages. Nevertheless, it is clear that short selling includes a number of risks which could lead to money loses. Individuals are able to consider that the result of a short selling as fundamentally the adverse of a normal purchasing process; however, the duration of short selling has unique handicaps. For this reason, borrowers who are on the point of doing short sel ling need more attention and further investigation in order to accomplish, otherwise the result of short selling can be destructive for them. Not only borrowers but also lenders hang by a thread because of short selling. In order to insight short sellings risks both borrowers and lenders, these risks can be specified in order of priorities. There are two risks which are the handicap of debt reclaim and the handicap of prices move in opposite direction to the expectations for borrower. Borrowers have to find the most suitable lender for short selling since time is the most significant part of it. Because, debt reclaim pose a danger every time for borrowers. Reclaim risk is a kind of handicap of the share being reclaimed by the owner of shares before the debitor is disposed to pay off a debt, which takes place in roughly 2% of the borrowing in the example of a investigation (DAvolio, 2002:271-306). Because of the fact that short seller would like to have much more time in order to wait adequately and make maximum profit. For this reason, reclaim risk should be managed by borrowers working with owner of shares that is most probably willing to lend the shares for a long time (Fabozzi, 2004:14). Otherwise, if lenders would like to be paid back their shares untimely, short seller will be forced to collect not enough fallen or increased shares from stock market and this will also cause borrowers to lose money. Additionally, another risk of short selling is that although investors have an expectation which prices would fall, its price can rocket suddenly. Thus, short seller would lose a huge amount of money instead of making profit. Even investors deficiency can be infinitive owing to the fact that price of securities can increase to the last (Kern et al, 2010:1). On the other hand, a share is not able to decrease under zero, hence short sellers profit is finite. As Yuille (2009:7) points out, bottom line: you can lose more than you initially invest, but the best y ou can earn is a 100% gain if a company goes out of business and the stock loses its entire value. Thinking about all these things, it can be said that short selling is a kind of gamble which has catastrophic consequences. Because nobody knows exactly when shares price decrease or increase without elaborated research. These clearly demonstrate that short selling has a number of disadvantages for borrowers. In addition, short selling affects lenders in a negative way. The biggest problem faced by lenders is whether borrowers recall securities on time or not. Recall risk is the major risk which barrowers have difficulty refund shares that are taken to return to lenders for a short time. Should borrowers not pay back lenders securities, there are a number of problems between borrowers, lenders and brokerage firm. For instance, lender could want to sell him or her shares while another person has these shares. If he or she does not retrieve own shares on time, losing may become unavoi dable. As mentioned above, short selling is a type of gambling which no one knows consequences of it, hence these kind of events occur over and over again. Governments Opinions About Short Selling In the 2007-2009 financial crisis, most of stock composite index lost in value a considerable extent all around the world like other crisis. These declines are golden opportunity for short seller in order to make a profit by borrowing high, paying back low. Even, some people believe that one of the reasons of financial crisis is the short sellers effects on stock markets to make money hand over first. For this reason, a number of governments and economic communities prohibited short selling for stock exchange securities. Because, to earn exorbitant sums is possible during a time of crisis by means of short selling due to the fact that downward trend can be estimated easily. Not only crisis periods but also short sellers can gain huge amount of money with manipulative techniques in the usual case. Because of these reasons, governments and economic communities have negative thought about short selling since it leads to unlawful profit both crisis periods and normal periods. Most o f governments do not allow to short selling in a time of crisis because they think that short selling influences national economy negatively which leads to downtrend without cease. The most significant indicator of financial crisis is dramatic decrease of shares price in the stock market and this decline in the stock exchange spreads globally. On such an occasion, short sellers borrow a number of shares, which trades on the stock exchange started to fall, from lenders and they make a profit. For example, in 2008, in order to prevent dropping banks and financial firms share prices, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) banned short selling in the exchange market. According to Beber and Pagano (2010) the SECs move sparked worldwide herding by regulators. In the subsequent weeks and months, most stock exchange regulators around the globe issued bans or regulatory constraints on short selling. Thus, a number of investors did not make short suitable shares in order to make a pr ofit smoothly. Of course, short selling is a big opportunity for these circumstances and it is simple way to get money. However, countries economic situation would be influenced adversely when short selling becomes widespread. The most important question to be asked here is that should short selling be banned or not in such cases. On such an occasion, investors intents become significant since some of them have passion about making money. For that, investors who would like to make money via short selling could make manipulation to continue to dawnward trend especially for bank shares (Ralp, 2009). Stock exchange is suitable for manipulation since shareholders can give direction to the trend of bank shares. For this reason, in economic crisis even normal circumstances, gamesman who skilfully manipulated for their own interests could alter shares price. This also leads to unfair competition. In order to prevent these happening, German banned short selling not to disrupt the financial markets. From above discussion it can be said that governments should be banned short selling due to fact that there are further negative influences than its positive effects. Disappointing Examples A further reason why short selling has a number of bad results is that there has already been a lot of disappointing examples about it. In recent years, short selling has affected numerous people with direct or indirect ways. Some of investors who are short player have lost a huge amount of money by means of short selling and some of them also have incurred loses owing to short sellers negative effects on themselves. Even sometimes, there are some saddening consequences which resulted in death especially by making a decision without further researches. Thus, short selling influences people in negative ways which have catastrophic consequence despite it has a few advantageous about making money. The following examples show that short selling affects people in two ways: direct and indirect. Adolf Merckle who is the one of the richest people in Germany experienced short selling bad outcome tragically. Merckle transformed his company which inherited from his family a small pharmaceu tical firm into a giant employing 100,000 people, 120 companies and the value of 40 billion dollars and he was in 94-odd ranked in the Forbes 2008 rich list with a fortune of $9 billion (Connolly, 2009). However short selling with exorbitant sums became his end. According to Boyes, toward the end of 2008, he borrowed hundreds of millions of dollars Volkswagen shares and he sold them via short selling. However, when Porsche surprisingly announced their plan seized control of Volkswagen, VW shares in two sessions rocketed from 210 euro to the 1000-odd to the euro. Merckle could not pay his debts. Banks have compressed him and he was pressured to dispose of some companies. Then, near his villa, a 74-year-old billionaire had committed suicide by jumping bottom of the train (2009). What was the fault of Merckle. The most significant shortage in that situation was a lack of research. If Merckle had made further researches about short selling, he could have gained a lot of money and he cou ld not die. The most important thing for short selling is that investors get the right stocks at the right time and they should make a number of investigations about it. However, in some cases, short selling influenced people in indirect ways. On the one hand a few people make huge amount of money by means of short selling on the other hand a number of innocent people incur loss because of others. For instance, Goldman Sachs which is an investment bank and securities company led investors to lose money by selling securities short. According to Williams, Goldman Sachs using short selling made manipulation and Goldman raised expectations in the markets falling. Thus, Goldman made huge amount of money by repurchasing securities which was sold high price before from stock market (2010). Of course, this event caused to have a disappointment by other investors and they incur loss money because their securities price decreased dramatically. This event is definitely not a fair way of mak ing money since the decline in the market was Goldman. In order to prevent this kind of events, governments and investors should be extremely careful to avoid loosing money. Conclusion In conclusion, it can precisely be seen that short sellings negative effects on both investors and governments are more than positive influences in stock market. This essay has attempted to substantiate that although short selling has had some benefits in order to make a profit it is false to characterize as innocent due to the fact that it has a number of risks. There are a lot of people who have lost their wealth by means of short selling. For these reasons, this essay has demonstrated that it consist highly risk process and it led to a number of disappointing consequences for direct way or indirect way to its investors. In order to show these, some tragic examples was given for best understanding its risks. Indeed, despite some governments and financial institutions banned short selling in their stock market, it will still continue to be used as a method for obtaining money. To minimize the risks of short selling, investors should be more careful and they need further research t o reduce its negative effects. Additionally, short sellings rules in stock markets should be organized again by governments and finance markets. Thus, manipulative stock exchange operations could be reduced and investors would feel safer economically. Otherwise, short selling should be banned all around the word in order to for other investors do not lose money.